• Exercises

• Physical therapy consisting of manipulation and exercise

• Acupuncture

• Injections, such as epidural steroid injections and facet joint injections

• Opioids work to relieve pain as they attach to opioid receptors, which are specific proteins on the surface of cells in the brain, spinal cord and gastrointestinal tract

• Cold compression therapy is advocated for a strained back or chronic back pain and is postulated to reduce pain and inflammation

• Electrotherapy, such as transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

• Inversion therapy is useful for temporary back relief due to the traction method or spreading of the back vertebres through (in this case) gravity

• Body Awareness Therapy such as the Feldenkrais Method has been studied in relation to Fibromyalgia and chronic pain and studies have indicated positive effects

• Ultrasound has been shown not to be beneficial and has fallen out of favour